STUDY DESIGN: Reliability of clinical measurements over time. OBJECTIVES: To determine the long-term stability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the flexion-rotation test (FRT) measurements over days in subjects with cervicogenic headache (CGH). BACKGROUND: The FRT is used by physical therapists to assist in identifying upper cervical movement impairment, as well as to gauge treatment effectiveness. Test-retest reliability for the FRT has been reported, but the stability of range-of-motion measures taken during the FRT over time and the MDC have not been investigated. METHODS: Fifteen subjects with CGH were evaluated on headache-free days using the FRT by a blinded examiner at baseline, 2, 4, and 14 days later. An additional 10 asymptomatic subjects were included for blinding purposes. On each occasion, the examiner measured range of motion and determined whether the FRT was positive or negative. RESULTS: For subjects with CGH, there was no significant change in FRT range of motion over days (P>.05). Intraclass correlation coefficients for intratester reliability were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.98) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94 to 0.99) for right and left rotation, respectively. MDC₉₀ was 4.7° for right rotation and 7° for left rotation. Examiner interpretation of the FRT was consistent over time, with κ = 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that FRT measurements are stable over time, and the MDC₉₀ indicates that a change in FRT range of motion of at least 7° is required to be confident that a change has occurred due to an intervention rather than measurement error.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(4):225-229, Epub 12 March 2010. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3100

KEY WORDS: cervicogenic headache, neck, psychometrics, ROM, spine

Study Design: Cross sectional. Objectives: To compare the strength and range of motion of the dominant and Nondominant shoulders of adult female amateur tennis players. The secondary purpose of the study was to examine whether there were any differences in the observed relationships between women with a past history of shoulder pain and those with no history of shoulder pathology. Background: Information on characteristics of the shoulder in amateur female tennis players is scarce, as research has concentrated on highly skilled or male players, despite the cumulative prevalence of shoulder pain in this group. Methods and Measures: Fifty-one female competitive, amateur tennis players (average age, 45 years) were tested bilaterally for shoulder internal/external rotation passive range of motion and isokinetic concentric strength. Results: Shoulder range of motion and strength ratios were comparable between sides. In the dominant arm, the total rotational range of motion was 221°, with an internal to external rotator peak torque ratio of 1.05. External rotator strength was significantly greater in the dominant arm of individuals with no history of pain. Conclusions: Range of motion and strength adaptations widely reported in highly skilled tennis players were not apparent in amateur female players. In assessment and management, clinicians should regard the amateur female tennis player as a separate entity from the highly skilled player.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(7):402-409. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.1203

Key Words: isokinetic, upper extremity, injury

Study Design: Descriptive correlational study. Objectives: To determine relationships between aspects of turnout and injury history in preprofessional classical ballet dancers, and to determine the clinical utility of various methods used to assess turnout. Background: In Australia 50% of professional dancers currently have persistent or recurrent injuries, with 36% of these injuries commencing before 18 years of age (preprofessional level). Overuse or nontraumatic dance injuries are often attributed to faults in technique, with poor turnout and inappropriate compensatory strategies consistently cited as the main cause. Methods and Measures: Twenty-nine dancers (24 female), aged 15 to 22 years, were recruited from a preprofessional classical ballet program. Measurements were taken of passive and active hip external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM) in supine, and functional turnout angles in standing. Three turnout variables were derived: active ER lag, compensated turnout, and static-dynamic turnout difference. Injury history over the previous 2 years was ascertained by interview. Pearson product moment and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between turnout variables and injury history. Results: All dancers reported a history of injury, with 93.1% reporting a history of nontraumatic injuries and 41.4% reporting a history of traumatic injuries. Number and severity of nontraumatic injuries were associated with reduced functional turnout (r or rho >0.38; P<.04), but not with hip ER ROM. Number and severity of traumatic injuries were not associated with turnout. No correlation was found between hip ER ROM and functional turnout. Conclusions: Functional measures of turnout are more relevant than hip ER ROM to prevalence of nontraumatic dance injuries. Control of turnout in classical ballet dancers should be assessed dynamically and in functional positions.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35(5):307-318. doi:10.2519/jospt.2005.1600

Key Words: dance, external rotation, hip, injury