Study Design: Factorial quasi-experimental design. Objectives: To quantify the effect of different levels of isokinetic concentric and eccentric knee extensor torques on the anterior tibial translation in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. Electromyogram (EMG) activity of 4 leg muscles was recorded in order to detect any co-activation of extensors and flexors. Background: The rehabilitation after an ACL injury is of importance for the functional outcome of the patient. In order to construct a rehabilitation program after that injury, it is important to understand the in vivo relationships between muscle force and tibial translation. Methods and Measures: Twelve patients with unilateral ACL injury and 11 uninjured volunteers performed 36 repetitions of a quadriceps contraction at different isokinetic concentric and eccentric torque levels, on a KinCom machine (60°•s-1), with simultaneous recordings of tibial translation (CA-4000) and EMG activity from quadriceps and hamstrings muscles. Tibial translations and EMG levels were normalized to the maximum of each subject. Results: The individual anterior tibial translation increased with increased quadriceps torque in a similar manner in both quadriceps contraction modes in all legs tested. During concentric mode, translation was similar in all groups, but during eccentric mode, the mean translation was 38% larger in the ACL injured knees. No quadriceps-hamstrings co-activation occurred in any test or group. Conclusions: An ACL deficient knee can limit the translation within a normal space during concentric muscle activity but not during eccentric activity. That limitation depends on other mechanisms than hamstrings co-activation.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001;31(1):4-15.

Key Words: concentric contraction, eccentric contraction, knee kinematics, rehabilitation

Resistive materials in the form of elastic bands and tubing are inexpensive and highly versatile tools that are often used in therapeutic exercise programs. Companies that manufacture elastic bands and tubing provide a line of products that cover a wide range of resistance levels, which are typically distinguished by color. Theoretically, the spectrum of resistance levels makes it possible for rehabilitation personnel to give a patient the band or tubing that best corresponds to the suitable degree of exercise resistance for that patient. Unlike a set of clearly labeled hand-held weights, however, elastic bands and tubing provide no quantitative information on their actual or relative resistance. Therefore, the selection and progression of resistance levels when elastic bands or tubing are used is relatively subjective and often is dependent upon the perceived effort of the patient. To our knowledge, only 2 of the several manufacturers of elastic bands and tubing used in rehabilitation (The Hygenic Corporation, Akron, OH, and Lifeline International, Inc, Madison, WI), provide users with information (limited) on the physical characteristics of their elastic material. The goals of our report were to establish the stress-strain relationship of representative samples of elastic bands and tubing used in the clinical setting, establish the fatigue characteristics of representative samples of elastic bands and tubing, and increase the awareness of rehabilitation professionals of the kinesiological concepts of resistive exercises, especially as they relate to the use of elastic-type resistive material.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001;31(1):16-24.

Key Words: elastic band, elastic tubing, resistance

Study Design: Prospective, observational study. Objectives To document changes in surface electromyographic activity during sustained maximum quadriceps contractions in patients before and 5 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Background: Quadriceps weakness after injury and reconstruction of the ACL is well documented. The effect of weakness on muscle fatigue, however, is not well understood. Methods and Measures: Electromyographic signals were recorded from the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris muscles during 30-second maximum isometric contractions at 30°, in 42 patients preoperatively and 5 weeks postoperatively. Signal amplitude was quantified by integrating the rectified signal (iEMG) for the initial and final 5 seconds and comparing the involved and uninvolved sides. Median frequency (MF) was computed from 4096 point fast Fourier Transforms performed at the beginning and end of the 30-second contractions. Results: Patients had moderate preoperative quadriceps weakness (16% deficit) and gross postoperative weakness (41% deficit). Weakness was associated with deficits in both MF and iEMG (r = 0.69-0.67). During the preoperative fatigue test, torque declined similarly on the involved and uninvolved sides (significant fatigue effect). During the postoperative fatigue tests, however, torque increased on the involved side and declined on the uninvolved side (significant side by fatigue interaction). For the initial 5 seconds, MF was lower on the involved than the uninvolved side but subsequently showed a smaller decline over 30 seconds preoperatively and postoperatively (significant side by fatigue interactions). iEMG was lower on the involved side preoperatively and postoperatively. During the fatigue tests, iEMG increased similarly in the involved and uninvolved sides both preoperatively and postoperatively. Conclusion: Quadriceps endurance exercises are not indicated after ACL reconstruction. Quadriceps weakness after ACL reconstruction was associated with fatigue resistance. Lower initial MF and smaller decline in MF during sustained contraction is consistent with fast-twitch fiber atrophy and explains fatigue resistance.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001;31(1):25-32.

Key Words: fiber type, isometric strength, median frequency